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SYLLABUS
GUIDE FOR YEAR 2009
SYLLABUS
OF FIRST PROFESSIONAL M.B.B.S.
PART-I
SYLLABUS OF FIRST PROFESSIONAL M.B.B.S.
PART-II
SYLLABUS OF SECOND PROFESSIONAL M.B.B.S.
SYLLABUS OF THIRD PROFESSIONAL M.B.B.S.
SYLLABUS OF FOURTH PROFESSIONAL M.B.B.S.
SYLLABUS OF FIRST PROFESSIONAL M.B.B.S.
PART-II
(A)
ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY
The course
outline is as follows:-
SYSTEMIC HISTOLOGY
Digestive System
1. Oral
cavity, tongue, gums, hard palate, soft palate, pharynx and lips.
2.
Oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, large intestine, appendix.
3.
Salivary gland.
4. Liver.
5.
Pancreas and the difference between the endocrine and exocrine pancreas.
6.
Gallbladder.
Respiratory System
1. Nasal
cavity, paranasal sinuses. Larynx and trachea.
2. Bronchi
and lungs.
Male
Reproductive System
1. Testis,
genital ducts and accessory genital glands.
Female
Reproductive System
1.
Ovaries, fallopian tube and uterus.
2. Vagina.
3. Mammary
gland.
Urinary
System
1. Kidney.
2. Ureter
and urinary bladder.
3.
Urethra.
Endocrine System
1.
Pituitary gland.
2. Thyroid
and parathyroid gland.
3. Adrenal
gland and differences between the cortex and medulla.
Eye and
Ear
1.
Histological structure of the Eye.
2.
Histological structure of the Ear.
SYSTEMIC EMBRYOLOGY
Head
Neck and Branchial Apparatus
1.
Development of the branchial apparatus and the structures which develop from
each arch.
2.
Development of the tongue.
3.
Development of the thyroid and parathyroid.
4.
Development of the pituitary and thyroid.
5.
Development of the respiratory system.
6.
Development of the face and palate.
Clinical Module
1. Tracheo
– oesophageal fistula.
2. Cleft
lip and palate.
Digestive System
1.
Development of the body cavities, mesenteries and diaphragm.
2.
Development of the liver, pancreas and gallbladder.
3.
Development of the spleen.
Clinical Module
1.
Developmental defects of the diaphragm.
2.
Developmental defects of the intestine and viscera.
Respiratory System
1.
Development of the respiratory system
Cardiovascular System
1.
Development of the heart and great vessels.
2. Foetal
circulation and changes at birth.
Clinical Module
1. Common
congenital anomalies of the heart.
Urinary
System
1.
Development of the kidneys, urinary bladder and urethra.
Male
Reproductive System
1.
Development of the testis and genital duct.
2. Causes
undescended testis.
Female
Genital System
1.
Development of the ovaries, uterus and vagina.
Musculoskeletal System
1.
Development of the musculoskeletal system.
Nervous
System
1.
Development of the nervous system.
GROSS
ANATOMY
The study
of gross anatomy must lay emphasis on applied anatomy as related to
clinical
medicine and surgery, radiological anatomy, surface anatomy and
crosssectional
anatomy.
Dissection, dissected specimens models, computer aided programs, x-rays and
CT
scans can
be used.
Head
and Neck 12 weeks
Abdomen
and Pelvis 12 weeks
Brain 8
weeks
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1.
Gray’s Anatomy by Prof. Susan Standring 39th Ed., Elsevier.
2.
Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students by Richard S.Snell.
3.
Clinically Oriented Anatomy by Keith Moore.
4.
Clinical Anatomy by R.J. Last, Latest Ed.
5.
Cunningham’s Manual of Practical Anatomy by G.J. Romanes, 15th Ed.,
Vol-I, II
and III.
6. The
Developing Human. Clinically Oriented Embryology by Keith L. Moore,
6th
Ed.
7.
Wheater’s Functional Histology by Young and Heath, Latest Ed.
8.
Medical Histology by Prof. Laiq Hussain.
9.
Neuroanatomy by Richard S.Snell.
(B)
PHYSIOLOGY
The course
outline is as follows:
Body
Fluids and Kidney
1.
Components and quantitative measurements of body fluids.
2. Fluid
compartments, tissue and lymph fluid.
3.
Structure of the kidney and nephron. General function of the kidney.
4. GFR and
its regulation.
5.
Formation of urine including filtration, re-absorption and secretion.
6. Plasma
clearance.
7.
Mechanism of concentration and dilution of urine.
8. Water
and electrolyte balance with reference to the kidney.
9. Role of
the kidney in blood pressure regulation.
10.
Hormonal functions of the kidney.
11.
Acidification of urine and its importance.
12. Acid
base balance with reference to the kidney.
13.
Micturition and its control.
Clinical Module
1. Renal
function tests and their clinical importance.
2. Fluid
excess and depletion.
3. Renal
failure and dialysis.
4.
Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.
5.
Abnormalities of micturition.
Nervous
System
1. General
organization of the nervous system.
2.
Classification of nerve fibers.
3.
Properties of synaptic transmission.
4.
Function of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides.
5. Type
and function of sensory receptors.
6.
Function of the spinal cord and ascending tracts.
7. Reflex
action and reflexes.
8. Muscle
spindle and muscle tone.
9.
Mechanism of touch, temperature and pain.
10.
Functions of the cerebral cortex.
11.
Difference between the sensory and motor cortex and their functions.
12. Motor
pathways including pyramidal and extrapyramidal.
13. Basal
Ganglia and its functions.
14.
Cerebellum and its function.
15.
Control of posture and equilibrium.
16.
Physiology of sleep.
17.
Physiology of memory.
18.
Mechanism and control of speech.
19.
Function of the thalamus.
20.
Function of the hypothalamus and limbic system.
21.
Production of CSF.
22.
Mechanism of temperature regulation.
23.
Function of the autonomic nervous system.
24. The
physiological changes of aging.
Clinical Module
1.
Significance of dermatomes.
2.
Injuries of the spinal cord.
3.
Hemiplegia and paraplegia.
4.
Parkinsonism.
5. Effects
of cerebellar dysfunction.
6.
Hydrocephalus.
Endocrinology
1.
Classification of endocrine glands.
2.
Mechanism of action, feedback and control of hormonal secretion.
3.
Functions of the hypothalamus.
4.
Hormones secreted by the anterior and posterior pituitary and their
mechanism
of action and function.
5.
Function of the thyroid gland.
6.
Function of the parathyroid gland.
7. Calcium
metabolism and its regulation.
8.
Secretion and function of calcitonin.
9.
Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex and medulla and their function
and
mechanism of action.
10.
Endocrine functions of the pancreas.
11.
Control of blood sugar.
12.
Hormones secreted by the gastrointestinal system and their function.
13.
Function of the thymus.
14. The
endocrine functions of the kidney.
15.
Physiology of growth.
Clinical Module
1.
Acromegaly, gigantism and dwarfism.
2. Effects
of panhypopitutiarism.
3.
Diabetes insipidus.
4.
Thyrotoxicosis and myxoedema.
5.
Pheochromocytoma.
6.
Cushing’s disease.
7.
Adrenogenital syndrome.
8.
Diabetes mellitus and hypoglycaemila.
Gastrointestinal Tract
1. General
function of gastrointestinal tract
2. Enteric
nervous system, control of gastrointestinal motility and secretion
3.
Mastication, swallowing and their control
4.
Function, motility and secretions of stomach
5.
Function, motility and secretions of small intestine
6.
Function, motility and secretions of large intestine
7.
Function of GIT hormones
8.
Mechanism of vomiting and its control pathway
9.
Defecation and its control pathway
10.
Functions of liver
11.
Functions of gallbladder and bile in digestion
12.
Endocrine & exocrine pancreas and functions of pancreas in digestion
Clinical Module
1.
Dysphagia
2.
Physiological basis of acid peptic disease
3. Causes
of vomiting
4.
Diarrhea and constipation in clinical settings
5.
Jaundice and liver function tests in clinical settings
Reproduction
1.
Function of the male reproductive system.
2.
Spermatogenesis.
3.
Mechanism of erection and ejaculation.
4.
Production and function of testosterone.
5.
Physiological changes during male puberty.
6.
Function of the female reproductive system.
7.
Production and function of oestrogen and progesterone.
8.
Menstrual cycle.
9.
Physiological changes during female puberty and menopause.
10.
Pregnancy and the physiological changes taking place in the mother.
11.
Function of the placenta.
12.
Parturition and lactation.
13.
Neonatal physiology.
Clinical Module
1. Male
infertility.
2. Female
infertility.
3.
Contraception.
4. Basis
for pregnancy tests.
PHYSIOLOGY PRACTICAL
Nervous
System
1
Examination of superficial and deep reflexes.
2 Brief
examination of the motor and sensory system.
3
Examination of the cranial nerves.
Special
Senses
1
Measurement of the field of vision.
2
Measurement of light reflex.
3
Ophthalmoscopy.
4 Colour
vision.
5 Hearing
tests.
6 Testing
taste and smell.
Pregnancy tests
Measurement and interpretation of body temperature
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1.
Textbook of Physiology by
Guyton and Hall, Latest Ed.
2.
Review of Medical Physiology
by William F. Ganong, Latest Ed.
3.
Physiology by Berne and Levy,
Latest Ed.
4.
Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine
by Gillian Pocock,
Christopher D. Richards, Latest Ed.
5.
Physiological Basis of Medical Practice
by John B. West and Taylor,
12th
Ed.
(C)
BIOCHEMISTRY
The course
outline is as follows:
1.
Bioenergetics and Biological Oxidation
1.
Endergonic and exergonic reactions, their coupling through ATP.
2.
Biologic Oxidation and reduction, methods of electron transferring, redox
potential,
enzymes and coenzymes of biologic oxidation and reduction
3.
Respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation, components of
respiratory chain, electron carriers
4. ATP
synthesis coupled with electron flow, phosphorylation of ADP coupled
to
electron transfer.
5. ATP-synthase,
their relation to proton pump, PMF and active transport
6.
Uncouplers and inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation
2.
Introduction to Metabolism:
Metabolism of Carbohydrates
1.
Glycolysis
§
Phases and reactions of glycolysis
§
Energetics of aerobic and anaerobic gylcolysis and
their importance
§
Regulation of glycolysis
§
Cori’s cycle
§
The fate of pyruvate
2. The
Citric Acid Cycle
3.
Reactions, Energetics, Regulation and Importance of Citric Acid
Cycle
§
Amphibolic nature of citric acid cycle. The
anpoleratic reactions and
regulations of TCA cycle
4.
Gluconeogenesis
§
Important three bypass reaction of gluconeogenesis
§
Entrance of amino acids and intermediates of TCA cycle and other
nutrients
as gluconeogenic substrates
§
Clinical significance of gluconeogenesis
5.
Glycogen Metabolism
§
Reactions of glycogenesis and glycogenolysis
§
Importance of UDP-Glucose
§
Regulation of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase
§
Glycogen phosphorylase ‘a’ and the blood glucose sensor
§
Disorders of glycogen metabolism (Glycogen storage diseases)
6.
Secondary Pathways of Carbohydrate (Hexose) Metabolism
§
Hexose Mono Phosphate Shunt, its reactions and
importance
§
Glucoronic acid pathway, its reactions and importance
7.
Metabolism of Fructose, Galactose and Lactose
Page 12
of 15
8.
Regulation of Blood Glucose Level
§
Hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia and their regulating factors
§
Biochemistry of Diabetes Mellitus, its laboratory findings and
diagnosis
3.
Metabolism of Lipids:
1.
Mobilization and transport of fatty acids, tricylglycerol and sterols
2.
Oxidation of fatty acids
§
Activation and transport of fatty acid in the mitochondria
§
B-oxidation, fate of Acetyl CoA, regulation of B-oxidation
§
Other types of oxidation, i.e. alpha-oxidation, w-oxidation,
peroxisome
oxidation, oxidaton of odd number carbon containing
fatty
acids and Unsaturated fatty acids etc.
3.
Ketogenesis
§
Mechanism and utilization of ketone bodies and significance
§
Ketosis and its mechanism
4.
Biosynthsis of fatty acids
5.
Eicosanoids, synthesis from archidonic acid, their
mechanism and
biochemical functions
6.
Triacylgycerol synthesis and regulation
7.
Synthesis and degradation of phospholipids and their metabolic disorders
8.
Cholesterol synthesis, regulation, functions, fate of i ntermediates of
cholesterol synthesis, hypercholesterolemea, atherosclerosis
9.
Plasma lipoproteins, VLDL,
LDL,
HDL, and chylomicrons,
their
transport,
functions and importance in health and disease
10.
Glycolipid metabolism and abnormalities
4.
Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids:
§
Amino acid oxidation, metabolic fates of amino acid, transamination,
deamination decarboxylation, deamidation and transdeamination
§
Transport of amino group, role of pyridoxal phosphate, glutamate,
glutamine,
alanine
§
Ammonia intoxication, nitrogen excretion and urea formation, urea cycle
and its
regulation, genetic defects of urea cycle
§
Functions, pathways of amino acid degradation and genetic disorders of
individual
amino acids
5.
Integration and Regulation of Metabolic Pathways in Different Tissues:
6.
Metabolism of Nucleotide:
§ De
novo purine synthesis
§
Synthesis of pyrimidine
§
Recycling of purine and pyrimidine bases (the salvage pathway)
§
Degradation of purine, formation of uric acid
§
Disorders of purine nucleotide metabolism
7.
Biochemical Genetics (Informational Flow in the Cell):
1. The
structural basis of the cellular information
2. DNA,
chromosomes, discovery and organization of DNA in genomes
3. Super
coiling of DNA
4. The
replication of DNA (DNA dependant DNA synthesis)
§
DNA polymerase, its components and functions
§
Initiation, elongation and termination of replication
§
DNA repair, mutation and cancers
5. The
Transcription (DNA dependant RNA synthesis)
§
RNA polymerase, its components and functions
§
Initiation, elongation and termination of transcription
§
RNA processing
§
RNA dependant synthesis of RNA and DNA
§
Reverse transcription-DNA synthesis from Viral RNA
§
Retroviruses in relation to Cancer and AIDS
6. The
Translation (Protein Synthesis)
§
The genetic codes and their characteristics
§
Initiation, elongation, and termination of protein synthesis
§
Post-translational modification
§
Regulation of gene expression
7.
Molecular biology technology
§
DNA isolation
§
DNA-recombinant technology
§
Hybridization, blotting techniques
8. Genetic
disorders
8.
Biochemistry of Endocrine System:
§
Chemistry, secretion, mechanism of action, regulation of various hormones.
9.
Biochemistry of Digestive Tract
§
Digestion and absorption
§
Composition, function and daily secretion of saliva, gastric juice,
gastric
acid(HCL), pancreatic juice, bile, and intestinal secretion
§
Digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and lipids
§
Biochemical disorders of GIT i.e achlorhydria, acid peptic disease,
lactose
intolerance and cholelithiasis
LABORATORY PRACTICAL
1) The
techniques and instrumentation of clinical biochemistry
§
Spectrophotometry
§
Flame photometry
§ UV
Spectrophotometry
§ PH
metery
2)
Estimation and clinical interpretation of:
§
Blood Glucose
§
Glucose Tolerance Test (Demonstration)
3)
Determination of Amino acids in Urine by Paper Chromatography
(Demonstration)
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1.
Harper’s Biochemistry by
Robbert K. Murray, Daryl K. Granner, Peter A.
Mayes,
Victor W. Rodwell, Latest Ed.
2. Lippincott’s Illustrated Review of Biochemistry
by Pamela C. Champe and
Richard A.
Harvey, Latest Ed.
3.
Practical Clinical Biochemistry
by Varley.
4. Textbook of Biochemistry
by Devlin, 5th Ed.
5.
Textbook of Medical Biochemistry Vol-I and II
by M.A. Hashmi.
6.
Biochemistry by Stryer, Lubert,
Latest Ed. |
Punjab
Medical College Faisalabad, Pakistan.
